Causes And Effects Of Depression - 874 Words

Causes of Depression As we perceived today, many of American citizens are suffering from depression where they suffer from mental stresses. According to Bill Hendrick, a reporter at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, about nine percent of American citizens are suffering from a depression. Depression is when a person is not in his or her minds. They may feel down downcasted and traumatized. Depression can be caused by different factors. Things such as abuses, bullying, death, genetics or a loss. Major events are common in causing depressions. Depression often lead to a downslide in physical health, mental health, and can cause a person to have unexpected behaviors. Abusive situations can cause depressions when a person feel hopeless about the way that they are living. For example, a husband and wife are in a marriage and they are happy together. But after a few years, the husband became abusive and abused the wife. This can trigger a depression in the wife’s mind because the pe rson she loved so much is actually aggressive and she is taking damages from the relationship. The feeling sadness and loneliness can trigger to a depression due to bullying and indifferent behavior of the community or family members (Effect of Bullying). This can lead to poor mental health and poor physical health also due to the tense living situation. New mothers are more fragile towards abusive behaviors in someone who they are living with. The changes in a woman after pregnancy creates a frailShow MoreRelatedDepression : Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1116 Words   |  5 Pagessweating and dizziness. Anxiety may cause physical exhaustion and general ill health. Effects of depression When someone is found in such a condition the primary effects observed are the various signs and symptoms caused by a particular situation, thought, physical state, emotions or actions which brought about the depression. The effects of depression are mostly observed in the physical state as the symptoms portrays on the person who is in a depressed state. Depression can result into condition whichRead MoreDepression : The Cause, Causes And Effects Of Depression1142 Words   |  5 Pagessnickered at him from afar. Then to tie it all together, he tripped in a puddle of muddy water on the way home from school. Life was making him be depressed. The definition of depression, from Google, is â€Å"feelings of severe despondency and dejection.† This basically this means that you feel down when you are depressed. Depression is a mental disorder that affects your mood. This mental disorder is very common, more than 3 million cases of it are in the U.S. per year. It is big in teenagers and youngRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe definition of depression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People who have not had much experience with depression agree with this definition, and believe those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite lossRead MoreDepression : Cause And Effect1629 Words   |  7 Pageslead to depression. According to the National Conference on Mental Health, depression is the cause of over two-thirds of the 30,000 reported suicides in the United States each year. Suicide caused by depression is even the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S. and the number of people who are becoming depressed is rising. Even though it is the tenth leading cause of death, over all in the U.S., it is the third-leading cause of death in young people ages 15-24. Not only is depression a cause of deathRead MoreCause And Effect Of Depression1695 Words   |  7 Pagesanother. It is used carelessly as a verb used when one is fed up. Depression is a lot like that. It is an endless loop of discouragement and annoyance with life. It’s a seemingly endless fall to rock bottom, an infinite and ever increasing low that one wasn’t aware existed. It is a battle but not an insurmountable one. There are plenty of reasons to stay alive, yet the main one is the possibility o f a missed opportunity. Depression causes the loss of visualizing these opportunities. They seem hazy, possiblyRead MoreDepression : Causes And Effects1050 Words   |  5 PagesDepression is â€Å"a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest† (Mayo Clinic Staff 1). People believe that depression is just feeling upset and disinterested in everyday activities, and those people who struggle with depression should just cheer up. Both statements are symptoms of depression, but depression is much more than just feeling upset and disinterested. Other symptoms include sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, aching, appetite loss, memory difficultiesRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Depression Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesThe Causes and Effects of Depression Depression has numerous causes and effects which affect not only the person but the people around them. Depression doesn’t have a specific cause; in most cases it’s different for everyone. It is a common, treatable mental illness that can be experienced at any time in life. It is often described with feeling sad, unhappy, miserable, or â€Å"down in the dumps†. Most people have these feelings on occasion. There are several types of depression. TheseRead More Depression: Causes or Effects? Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesDepression: Causes or Effects? Depression supplies a distinct depiction of the brain equals behavior theory. The physiological characteristics that taint the diseased brain directly impact the thoughts and behaviors of the millions of sufferers. The genesis of this dehabilitating problem is both mysterious and complicated and I am not offering any sort of revelation in stating that it is a multi-factorial manifestation involving both biological and environmental components. The end productRead MorePostpartum Depression : Causes And Effects1450 Words   |  6 Pages Postpartum Depression in Rural U.S Communities Amanda L. Ruiz Widener University Overview The overview of this article is postpartum depression in rural Unites States communities. Researchers search to find the causes and effects of postpartum depression in rural US communitiesRead MoreCause And Effect Of My Depression1337 Words   |  6 Pagesdates were near, and my stress levels were out the roof. The cause that led to my downfall in college was none other than depression. My depression has affected my academic life by causing me to procrastinate, which led to my lack of motivation, resulting in my poor performance in college. This Depression is hindering my daily routine, both at home and in school. It is an emotional illness, which occurs internally, but it can also effect a person’s physical activity. For instance, I am no longer energetic

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1279 Words

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is filled with violence, hatred, and social ostracism, and contains a dark and sinister plot. These inherent values make this dark romance seem true to itself. However, I believe that there is another meaning to the story’s events. Many parts of the plot relate to religion and nature, showing to Hester how resorting to nature when the many challenging situations are presented results in a much better outcome. While The Scarlet Letter is very dark on the surface, its real point is to convey how the prominent role of religion in society is the source of its ailments and darkness, and that adapting to nature leads to a more enjoyable and prosperous life. The church is corrupt, forcing you to live a lie, and the solutions to the Puritan’s corruption and these lies are found when abandoned and resorting to nature. The premise for many of the horrifying scenes deals with religion, and one of the largest ideas is that the church is corrupt. The story started at the prison and ended at the cemetery, both places heavily controlled by religion. Hester could have either been sent to prison or to death depending on if her husband was alive or not. Yet, the deciding factor that she survived and went to prison was determined completely and arbitrarily because she was pretty, and partially because her husband could be dead. Making such a rash decision based solely upon your beauty is completely and utterly unjust, and all of it stemmed from theShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Anorexia Nervosa Essay With Icebreaker Example For Students

Anorexia Nervosa Essay With Icebreaker Everybody eats. However, according to the human behavior, there are huge differences between people. Some eat more, some eat less, some put on weight easily, and other does not. And some people go to such extremes that they harm themselves, by eating too much or too little. As a result they may harm their health and come to the attention of doctors. This research deals with anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that usually strikes women. Of the seven million women aged 15 to 35 who have an eating disorder, many will die from the complications of anorexia. Anorexia may not be noticed in the early stages because it often starts as an innocent diet. They often become hyperactive because they exercise frantically in an attempt to burn calories to lose weight. There are many reasons as to why women develop anorexia nervosa. One is that it is dieting taken to a dangerous extreme. Another is that societal pressures dictate a woman be thin in order to be beautiful the waif look was recently popular. But what these theories come down to is an issue of control. Whatever else is going on in the anorexics life, the one thing that she feels she can control is food. Anorexia begins with the everyday dieting that is so much a part of teenager life. About a third of anorexia sufferers have been overweight before starting to diet. Unlike normal dieting, which stops when the desired weight is reached, in anorexia the dieting and the loss of weight continue until the sufferer is well below the normal limit for her age and height. The tiny amount of calories that she is taking in may be disguised by the quantities of fruit, vegetables and salads that she eats. Also, she will often exercise vigorously or take slimming pills to keep her weight low. Moreover, in spite of her own attitude to eating, she may take an avid interest in buying food and cooking for others. There are many diagnostic criteria on anorexia nervosa if people have this kind of sickness. First of all, they are refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. For example, weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected; or failure to make expected weight gain during period of growth, leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected. Besides, they have intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight. Disturbance in the way in which ones body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. For most sufferers it will be important to discuss things that may be upsetting them. For examples boys, school, self-consciousness, family problems, etc. Although technically the word anorexia means loss of appetite, sufferers with anorexia actually have a normal appetite, but drastically control their eating. According to the research paper, anorexia nervosa is not biological and hereditary. The most important reasons are peoples psychological thinking. In societies, which do not value thinness, eating disorders are very rare. In surroundings such as ballet schools, where people value thinness extremely highly, they are very common. Generally in Western cultures thin is beautiful. Television, newspapers and magazines are full of pictures of slim, attractive young men and women. They push miracle diets and exercise plans to enable us to mould our bodies to the pattern of these artificial, idealized figures, to conform to the shape the media tell us we should be. As a result, almost everybody diets at some time or other. It is easy to see how this social pressure might cause some young women to diet excessively and eventually to develop anorexia. .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .postImageUrl , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:hover , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:visited , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:active { border:0!important; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:active , .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805 .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uad0d1a0ff545e43fa45dd1242823f805:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trifles By Susan Glaspel EssayThere are at least 8,000,000 or more anorexia nervosa victims in the world nowadays. It is estimated that six percent of serious die. There are ninety percent are women. Male cases are being reported with increasing frequency. Therefore, eating disorders can lead to death or life-long problems in the self-starver and even in those of normal weight whom compulsively binge and purge, but it can be cured. If someone has become excessively thin and her periods have stopped, it makes sense for her to try to get back to somewhere near an acceptable weight. To help with this, medicine cannot help to solve this sickness. The most important thing is that the sufferers themselves. They have to learn the consequences of not eating. Then, they will make the right decision consciously. First of all, both she and her family will first need information. What is a normal weight for her? How many calories are needed each day to get there? For many suffers, the most important question is, How can I make sure that I dont shoot past that weight and become fat? In anorexia, the patient has excessive control of her eating. How can she ease up? For youngsters still living at home, it is the parents job to watch over the food that is eaten, at least for a while. This involves both making sure that she has regular meals with the rest of the family, and that she gets enough calories. Mounds of lettuce can b e very deceptive. It is also important that the family see the psychiatrist regularly both to check on weight and for support, as having an anorexic in the family can be extremely stressful. Besides this, parents should encourage their anorexic children to join a self-help group in which other people share similar problems. These groups can provide both information and support during the difficult times that everybody with these problems goes through. It is obvious that it cure the anorexia easily if the suffers didnt hurt too much. Bibliography:Insel, P. M., Roth, W. T. (1996). Core Concepts in Health. Toronto: Mayfield. Gill, K. B. (1995). Who suffers from anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia, 275-276. Zerbe, J. Y. (1997). Eating Disorders. Harvard College Research Groups. http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/1997/h97-eat1.html

Latin America Overview

This geographical term refers to the American areas where romantic languages including French, Spanish, and Portuguese are spoken. This section of America took a relatively long time to develop. The people of this region maintain their cultural roots such that they value their cultures a lot, and they always have some ties to their cultural roots.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin America Overview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As of now, some of the areas of Latin America are largely underdeveloped, and the people of these places have to face this challenge (Rothchild 2004). However, this region has been going through a lot of development. This development has been spearheaded by many economic projects that have been started in the area. The area has been on a steady economic rise despite the fact that many challenges are still prevalent. Colonization of Latin America Before the European invasion, the indi genous elites, Incas and Aztecs, ruled this region. These were respected groups of people who were powerful, and they controlled the social, economic and political lives of the region. Some groups of people in this region did not favor the rule of the Incas and Aztecs, and they were ready to do anything to ensure that this rule was toppled (Charles 2006). The chance to do this presented itself with the invasion of the region by the Europeans. They helped the Europeans take power, and Christopher Columbus imposed European rule in this region. The Europeans divided the regions of Latin America in to colonies (Cristina 2005). Spain and Portugal were the main forces behind this, and they divided the region through a line of demarcation. By the 16th century, these two forces were the greatest influences in this region. However, the start of the 16th century saw other powers coming to claim the region. France was one of these powers, and it started controlling a large portion of Latin Ame rica. Introduction of New Culture The colonial powers had so much influence that they started introducing their culture to their subjects. The colonized people were expected to declare allegiance to their colonial masters. In doing this, these people accepted to do everything that their masters demanded. They were expected to learn the languages of their masters and take the culture of their colonizers fully. The introduction of this culture had a toll on the Latin Americans, and they started rejecting this move. This is because some people felt that their culture was being killed, and they wanted to save the situation (Charles 2006). Therefore, people started forming groups that were against the colonizers. However, the colonial powers had ways of discouraging such groups, and people affiliated with these groups were either punished or killed in public. As a result, people feared to criticize the colonial powers, and slowly, the culture of the colonizers started to take root.Advert ising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The cultural clash brought about by the colonizers acted to divide the people. This is because people were no longer united by their cultural values, and so the ties of the whole society were weakened. In fact, the family became the only unit where people trusted each other. Different religions were introduced, and people of different races took different religions (Parry 1999). This furthered the differences between the people of Latin America, and they started to become strangers in their own land. However, people who embraced the same cultures became very close, and they maintain this culture even up to now. Therefore, Latin America, to some extent, is considered to be one of the regions that have maintained their culture. The differences that started forming as a result of colonization are still evident today. This is because the people of Latin America were divided such that the hatred, distrust and suspicion are still evident. Underdevelopment Theory (Latin America’s Case) Latin America is a region that is largely underdeveloped. Most of the nations in this region are still considered third world countries. Critiques of this scenario claim that this region should be much developed since it is a culturally rich area. Conservative thinkers try to explain this state of the region’s underdevelopment through arguments based on the culture of the place. The most notable mentality driving the culture of this place is the maà ±ana mentality. The other reason is that people follow their religion in strict terms, and this could also lead to this underdevelopment. For instance, the Spanish Catholicism acts against the Protestant work ethic, and this affects the development of this region. This region also lacks professional institutions. The lack of these institutions could also have led to underdevelopment since this region failed to catch up with other regions such as America as far as development is concerned (Fukuyama 2008). The fight for independence was tasking for all regions of America. These regions include the United States and other nations of Latin America. However, Latin America took a long time to gain independence and make new nations in the whole territory of Latin America. This affected the development of this region in that time that this region took to make new nations dragged development. The draw back of the Spanish also made important things like markets and technology to reduce (Fukuyama 2008). Therefore, this move affected the inexperienced people of Latin America, and it took a while to develop a firm footing upon which these people could use to foster their development. Progressive and Marxist intellectuals claim that this region is underdeveloped as a result of many factors; factors that can be traced back to the colonial powers that controlled the region. They claim that the European powers that controlled this region used a lot of violence in their control, and this affected the development of this region.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Latin America Overview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This violence made the countries of Latin America have mono economies. These economies were tied to the imperial centres, and these countries still relied on these centres for technological advancement. Stereotypes The region of Latin America is faced with a lot of stereotypes. The American society does not recognize this region a lot, and this region has been side lined in many areas. For instance, a lot of printed or recognized American Literature does not cover a lot of literature from Latin America. In fact, it was found that Latino stories cover just 1% of all the stories found in American Media. This is a great throwback to this group of people. A lot of prejudices are held in relation t o the people of Latin America, and these people are considered the most violent in America. For instance, the American media showed that 66% of the major crimes committed happened in Latin America. However, this is not the case since America is a very big region, and the media just concentrates on every small crime in Latin America. In a nutshell, the American media seems to focus on the bad elements of Latin Americans, and this has made the Americans develop a negative attitude towards people who hail from this region of America (Grace 2009). Identity Building (Literary, Film and Musical representations of the Region) The region of Latin America has been faced by a lot of prejudices, and the people of this region have sought to address this. Therefore, they have been trying to correct the world’s perception of this region through film, literature and music. The Latin Americans construct their cultural identity through these mediums, and objectives have been achieved since so me of the songs, literature and music have received a global audience. These literary genres have helped this region grow in that many people have continued to appreciate the region. In fact, the region has continued to grow since it receives a lot of tourists who go on escapades in the region. The music of Latin America contains a lot of cultural messages in that it contains all aspects of the whole of Latin America. The culture of all regions of Latin America is imbedded in this music, and this gives this region a lot of musical appeal. The genres of the music of Latin America vary with the audience intended to receive this music. Every audience varies in its expectation of music, and this is taken care in different genres and styles of music.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, most of this music advances the cultural message advancing the development of this region. In fact, all forms of contemporary music genres are found in Latin America. These forms include salsa, rock, reggae and other related forms of music. Western classical music is also prevalent in forms of Jazz and other classical compositions and scripted music. Just like its music, the Latin America film advances the good of the region. The film industry has also helped advance the image of this region. The film produced by the foreigners portrayed this region as a wasteland that had no much value. People who watched such films developed a bad attitude towards the region, and they felt that this region had nothing good. However, the people of this region wanted to correct this view, and they came up with films that rectified the stereotypes held against this region. They succeeded in doing this through incorporating humour in their film. This attracted a lot of audiences, and the good image of the region was sold to the world. Previously, the image was seen through the mirror of bad issues such as violence, drug abuse, sexual abuse and other related issues. However, the Latin American film portrayed these issues as a global menace that should be driven off the face of the earth. This is true in that these issues are distributed across the whole world, and they are not restricted to some areas alone. The written literature of this region has also advanced the image of the region. The region has produced writers who are famous in the whole world, and the writings of these people advance the importance of the culture of the people. This is a marketing strategy of the region since all people seek to be associated with some culture (Swanson 2002). Gabriel Garcà ­a is one of the most celebrated writers of this region, and his writings reflect the culture and aspirations of the region. The works of these people have been translated in different languages, and this has greatly influenced the perception of this region to the populace of various regions of the world (Hart 1999). Politics of South America The countries of South America have taken a socialistic drift. Socialist leaders have been elected in many countries of South America. This is because the people of South America are divided in to various social groups that ensure cohesion within the groups. The socialistic stand has made this region alienated to the other areas of the world that have taken capitalistic stands (Brian 2001). Most of the countries of the world have taken a capitalistic stand so as to be in line with the major powers of the world. However, the Latin American countries base their politics on socialism, and this has continued to disadvantage the region (Petras Morley 2005). Conclusion The region of Latin America has continued to face lots of challenges. The rich people in this region control as much as over 40% of the nation’s wealth, and this has a great disadv antage to the people. This wide gap is evident in large South American urban centers where some people live in slums and makeshift shacks with skyscrapers towering above them. Most of these people live on less that $2 per day while millions of dollars change hands in the same cities. This is a great undoing of the region, and this should be rooted out to make sure that the region catches up in development. Reference List Brian, L 2001, Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford. Charles, M 2006, 1491: New Revelations of the America’s Before Columbus, Vintage Books, New York. Cristina, J 2005, The Origins of Violence in Mexican Society, Praeger, London. Fukuyama, F 2008, Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap Between Latin America and the United States, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Grace, L 2009, America’s Backyard: The United States Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror, Zed Books, London. Hart, S 1999, A Companion to Spanish-American Literature, Tamesis, London. Parry, H 1999, The Spanish Seaborne Empire, University of California Press, Los Angeles. Petras, J Morley, M 2005, The United States and Chile: Imperialism and the Overthrow of the Allende Government, Monthly Review Press, New York. Rothchild, J 2004, Latin America Yesterday and Today, Praeger Publishers, New York. Swanson, P 2002, The New Novel in Latin America, Manchester University Press, Manchester. This essay on Latin America Overview was written and submitted by user Axel C. to help you with your own studies. 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Tess of the DUrbervilles Chapter 35 Essays

Tess of the DUrbervilles Chapter 35 Essays Tess of the DUrbervilles Chapter 35 Paper Tess of the DUrbervilles Chapter 35 Paper 1. When Tess first tells Angel of her confession, he does not seem to comprehend what she has just said. He gets up and stirs the fire; Clare performed the irrelevant act of stirring the fire; the intelligence had not even yet got to the bottom of him. The confession seems so utterly unbelievable to him that he cannot take it in and seems to be in shock, although he just told Tess a revelation of the same sort about himself. This is the first clue that Angel had an idealised version in his head of Tess. When he first speaks he says O you cannot be out of your mind! You ought to be! Yet you are not This shows that he would have, or would rather have, believed that she was mad other than what she had just told him was true. This also shows his disbelief of how she could have done that. He seems to be severely changed after she tells him; His face had withered. His face has physically changed, described as withered as opposed with the readers previous view that he was handsome. This cou ld also indicate that he is not going to act as he was before as he has changed.This is true as the chapter carries on. Tess tells him she has forgiven him, for what is the same or possibly a worse act than what she has done, and when she asks him if he has forgive her, he says: O Tess, forgiveness does not apply to the case! You were one person; now you are another. My God how can forgiveness meet such a grotesque prestidigitation as that! Although he accepts that she has forgiven him for the same thing, he does not forgive her. He believes that what she has done is a lot worse than what she has done. When he says she is a different person, this shows that he thinks that the person he believed was Tess would not have done this, so he says that she must be a different person. He believed too much in his idealised version of Tess that this revelation is too much of a shock to him. Later he repeats; The woman I have been loving is not you. Here it is clear that he was only in love w ith the Tess in his mind, not for her actual self as she loves him.When she starts crying, he is relieved at it. This implies that because she wasnt crying, instead of her being strong as she was, it makes her seem less innocent and vulnerable, but as she does he is glad that she is showing some sense of emotion at the event. He does not know what to do now, which shows he is still in shock. However, it is obvious that he has changed, as he is sarcastic o her, and also starts denoting her because of her class, again showing how he does not believe she is still the woman he loved. He also begins to class her as her DUrberville roots were; Decrepit families imply decrepit wills, decrepit conduct. He is labelling her into all the things he does not like, although he loved everything about her only a few hours ago. He now sees her as something entirely different and changed. At the end of the chapter when she goes to her room, he almost goes in there to speak to her, but he catches a gl ance at an old portrait of a lady from the DUrberville family. He sees this and immediately compares it to Tess, as if this must be how she is; Sinister design lurked in the womans features, a concentrated purpose of revenge on the other sex. Before he had an idealised image of Tess, and now he has adopted an image of Tess that she is evil.2. In chapter XXV Hardy uses different techniques to describe the change in relationship between Tess and Angel. One of the first things he uses is personification of the surroundings in the room, to help explain how the surroundings reflect the change in Angels attitude towards Tess; But the complexion even of external things seemed to suffer transmutation as her announcement progressed. This is talking about how the atmosphere in the room has changed, but also how this reflects the change that Angel has gone through. What before was a happy room is now portrayed has being changed for the worse. In the chapter previous the fire was described as h aving a red-coaled glow. However now it is described as; The fire in the grate looked impish demonically funny, as if it did not care about her strait. The fender grinned idly, as if it too did not care. Here the fire is described as being somehow evil, like an imp or a demon. This is reflecting how Tess and Angels relationship has changed for the worse, but may also be reflecting how angel now views Tess as evil. This is reiterated later when Tesss eyes are said to make his [Angels] flesh creep, and again at the end of the chapter when Angel compares Tess to one of the ancient DUrberville women Sinister design lurked in the womans features.Another feature that seems to have change is that the structure of the text seems to have changed up to now Hardy has been quite descriptive in his writhing, but in this chapter, especially at the beginning, it seems to be more like a dialogue. For example; Clare performed the irrelevant act of stirring the fire. This does not describe him ge tting up or moving around the room. For most of the chapter, it is just dialogue between Tess and Angel. This shows how the atmosphere seems to have changed and also to reflect the drama of what is going on.Both of the descriptions of Tess and Angel have changed Angels face has become withered, and Tesss lips have become pale. This could reflect how Hardy wants the characters to be viewed Angel as not being as virtuous as the reader had first thought, and Tess is portrayed as more innocent because her lips are no longer red. This is also repeated when her mouth is described as a round little hole. This is significant because one of the things that Angel commented on liking about her was her mouth.Right at the end of the chapter Hardy talks about the light. Before in the book he has talked about the light, especially in the morning when Tess has been looking out over the countryside, which always seemed to imply hope for the future, but now Hardy says; The night came in, and took u p its place there, unconcerned and indifferent. This seems to be implying that this is the end of the happiest period of Tesss life, which started with Angel and is now ending with Angel.3. Previously in the book, Angel was seen as being different from his brothers and other men at the time by being open minded and not conforming to contemporary attitudes. However, his reaction to Tesss confession is contradictory to his earlier behaviour, although it is typical of attitudes of Victorian men at the time.After Angel tells Tess of his admission of being with another woman out of wedlock, Tess is relieved because what she did was the same, or even not as bad, as what he did. However, he goes into shock at the reality that she is not so pure, so sweet, so virginal as what he thought she was. This goes back to how he had an idealised image of what Tess was. In those days, it was much more socially unacceptable for a woman to have sex out of wedlock than it was for a man a woman was seen as being the property of the man. Tess also shows this opinion, as she says to Angel; I dont belong to you any more, then. This shows the point that men were seen as the superior and therefore in charge of the women. Another change in Angels behaviour is his view on class.Before, he wanted to marry Tess, even though she was of a lower social class than he was. He even tried to convince his father that a farming woman would be of better aid to him in the running of a farm. However, he is now judging Tess because of her class, as he says; You almost make me say you are an unapprehending peasant woman. Here Angel is being demeaning towards Tess because of her class, which never mattered to him before. This is reflective of contemporary social attitudes at the time, but this shows how changed Angel is because he is now showing beliefs typical of men in that era, whereas before he prided himself on being more open-minded.

Save Money in College 9 Useful Tips

Save Money in College 9 Useful Tips The college – or university – years can be considered a cruel time in one’s life: it’s when most students are on the cusp of adulthood, enjoying many of its perks and only some of its responsibilities; yet they’re also not quite adults, a majority of which are more like overgrown teenagers still dependent on their parents for financial stability, among other things. But, see, college tuition is quite expensive. It sets up many middle- and lower-class students for a lifetime of debt. This means these students generally want to graduate with a degree as quickly as possible, which implies they don’t have a great deal of time for making money – but rather a time for classes, homework, studying, taking exams, etc. So what little money students generally have (whether they’re given an allowance or have to work to support themselves), there are trying to hold on to it. The problem is this: ironically, due to the nature of the fundamental conflict most college students face – the aforementioned paradox – college can be a very thrilling, exciting time: being young, broke, healthy but feeling good about getting an education, as well as enjoying the many freedoms of adulthood. But, generally, being financially independent is not one of those freedoms college students get to enjoy.  This reality means being smart with money is even more crucial for the everyday student. 9 Proven Ways to Save Money in College: Set Up a Bank Account Quite a few banks offer college students free checking and saving accounts. This translates to avoiding fees on withdrawals as well as fund transfers; plus, with free checking, students aren’t penalized for having a certain amount, which is often the case with many banks. The student also benefits from having a bank account because they can monitor their own activity, especially with online banking. It helps them keep track of their money, when and where and how they’re spending it, and can help them save and plan as they move forward as adults. Save Receipts; Get Organized When one saves their receipts, they are essentially doing bookkeeping very much like a business would operate to keep tabs on their expenses, which is crucial for a business to grow and thrive. In order for a business to make money, it has to document and monitor spending so that it is not blindly losing money on things unnecessary. The same goes for any person. Perhaps it would be best if students were to record in a journal of all of their expenses, writing down information from their receipts to better budget and understand their spending habits. After a person begins seeing spending patterns, bad spending habits can be eliminated. Set a Budget – and Stick to it No Matter What Setting a budget is basically creating financial goals for certain periods of time. But what matters is adhering to these goals – all with the aim of ultimately saving money. Going back to keeping receipts: a student has to be cognizant of not only their financial obligations, such as paying bills and other required expenditures on time; they also have to be aware of their spending habits, such as going out to restaurants, spending money on retail, expensive outings, etc., so they can make sure they’re not being too frivolous with their spending. Most times, a student should set aside a certain amount of money each week for bills and necessary expenditures. But they should also cap a limit on the amount of money they can spend each week on other non-essential expenditures, like restaurant meals, drinks, and late-night food. Most importantly, to save money, students should put aside money each month that they will not spend – unless it’s an absolute emergen cy. Buy a Simple Phone Plan There are tons of affordable plans out there. But many plans are without Internet access, high-quality cameras, and voice-activated texting. And on a campus, that’s not a bad thing. The Internet can be accessed on almost every inch of a modern-day college campus. So, for those students trying to save money, who have to pay their own bills, it is most certainly a wise choice to buy a simple, cheap phone plan that has the most basic of functions. Buy that nice phone with the extensive plan after landing that first job out of college. Be patient – nicer things will come. Get a Job – It Helps Prioritize Time Again, it’s hard finding time to make money in college. But there are plenty of those who DO find the time. Some have no choice. They have to work to survive. It is very interesting to observe how the more things one has to accomplish in a day, the more they find they can get done. It’s all about time management. It’s about prioritizing what little time there is left in the day aside from classes and homework and studying. Remember: the more people work, the more they earn and save †¦ because they are not spending money while they earn it. Be Creative with (Legally) Obtaining Books for Courses There are numerous ways to obtain course textbooks in college without spending the required exorbitant amounts on brand-new ones. (Legal ways, of course; as in not stealing them.) For one, many books required for college courses – especially literature courses – can be rented from almost any library. On top of that, there are numerous resources that offer students the choice of renting most brand-new and mostly new textbooks for a very cheap price. In this case, the student only has to pay the semester-long rent fee and return the books in excellent condition at the close of the semester. Also, there is the option that students can form a sort of buddy system; they can find someone in their class with which they can share the price of the book needed for the course. Or they can just borrow a classmate’s book. Embrace Free Leisure Activities – Especially Those on Campus (The Ones That Are Deceptively Built into the Price of Tuition) Whether it’s using the campus-provided shuttle that takes students to nearby locations, spending time outside reading or engaging in other fun, free activities, or taking advantage of free on-campus events, such as concerts, talks and seminars and conferences, there’s no shortage of ways students can save money in college and still enjoy themselves. There are times for going out to restaurants; and there are times to stay at home and find creative ways to enjoy one’s time – activities that cost nothing. In other words, fun outings don’t have to cost a thing. Student Loans Can Help Save Money Short-Term The majority of students from lower- and middle-class families have to take out loans to afford college. Some academic institutions cost $30- $40,000 for two semesters; others – probably the majority – are about $15- $20,000 for two semesters. By taking out loans with banks, students can pay for their education years down the road, after they graduate, often in monthly payments, until they pay off their debt. So this way they DO save money while still in college, only they will owe more money over time to the bank because their loans will have accrued interest. (By the way, many students – through getting student loans to fund college – get to live on campus during these years without having to pay a cent. Most times this includes a meal plan, too. It makes sense. But it depends on the student’s financial needs and/or limitations.) Or, Live off Campus and Get Roomies Then, there’s the option of living off campus, in cheap housing, sharing the rent with roommates. It’s a wise choice for those who can afford to pay the rent, either on their own or with the help of their parents.

Managing Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Organisation - Essay Example With this, they have generated difficulties to great performance for one and more reasons (Cox 2001, pg4). First, they have minimised the effectiveness of communication and thus increasing the disagreement among workers. This is due to the difference of the races of the people, in the workplace. They also go through low level of social desirability and display lower levels of commitment to the group, including increasing the cost of the organisation due to the discrimination that do exists in the workplaces. Other challenges include things like opposition to change as some of the group of individual may not wish to accept the idea that the workplace strategies have to be changed. These can also being in difficulty in the implementation of diversity at the place of work policies. These challenges can as well be an advantage to the organisation in such a away that the improve on the way the organisation solve their problems, they also increase the level of the originality and innovation of the workers within the organisation as they come across different people with different ideas thus influencing one another (Cox 2001,pg5). Other than that, the situations also increase the excellence of employees through better employment and maintenance of the worker. There is also variety of viewpoint as well as there will be increased effective execution of their tasks in the organisation. Question Two To establish good and workable principles and rules at any workplaces, one has to come up with the rules that imitate the essential information of a good management. With this, each of the branch managers in the organisation has to define the rules at the station by their own name according to the business requirement in the section of the organisation. This is the most practical way to implement the rules by the managers at the workplaces as the rule will be practical to every section at the organisation depending on their type of the work or responsibility that they are expected to undertake to facilitate the growth of the organisation as a whole. Question Three For any organisation to be able to deliver quality products to the customers, they have to adopt a culture that they can be using to ensure that they meet the requirement of their client (Waller 1998). The organisation have to design and execute organisation arrangement that is optimized, this is usually done by dividing the quality organisation into two self-determining bodies and highlighted empowerment and responsibility in their sections. These involve the quality system and the quality engineering, from which the management assess the quality of the product fully before releasing it out to the customers. For this to be more effective in an organisation, they have to ensure that the entire product to be delivered to the customer it is inspected by the system to certify that the product is of good quality as expected. REFERENCE Cox (2001): Challenge of Managing Diversity. Retrieved from http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/41/07879558/0787955841.pdf on 15th December pp 2-10 eller D.J (1998): Unfasten Culture for

Marketing Spotlight of Sony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Spotlight of Sony - Essay Example The first key factor of Sony’s success has been their capability to build new products and new markets. They applied commendable innovation in their product development strategies thus creating entirely new kind of products like fully transistorized radio, audio cassette recorders & television, Walkman, entertainment laptops (Vaio) & Playstation which also resulted in entirely new markets.This is quite evident from their positioning strategy of Sony Vaio Laptops which are marketed primarily as a style icon with enhanced graphics & multimedia capabilities. The Vaio laptops are positioned more for people using laptops as a style icon and for entertainment thus making them widely popular among students, women and top executives. [www.sonystyle.com] The third key success factor of Sony is their innovative marketing practices. They possess in-depth understanding of the buying behaviour, choices & passion of their consumers such that they are able to design their advertisements refl ecting the choice, emotions & passion of their consumers thus pushing the Sony brand deep into their mindsets. A greater part of their success is accredited to their brand building capability. The fourth key success factor of Sony is that they do not conduct open ended marketing campaigns. They carry out measurement of effectiveness of each campaign and then carry out enhancements as necessary. The fifth success factor of Sony is their concept of SONY WORLD showrooms where all the products of Sony are displayed prominently and adequate stocks are maintained to meet the demands.

Design project Essay Example for Free

Design project Essay For this project and the particular way in which I chose to construct this clock I was extremely lucky to be benefited with the knowledge of how to use the timber cutting and sanding equipment. However the skill of decoupage was one I still had to achieve. I was lucky enough to have Miss Brett provide some scrap pieces of timber left over from previous work done by design and technology students. I researched my theme, which was a retro style. I wanted something different to everybody elses, as this was my project. I soon found clock ideas on the Internet and used them as my inspiration. Finding these was a great help. They helped me create an innovative design. Deriving from the French verb decoupage, meaning to cut out. Decoupage is a way of decorating almost any object or surface with cut out pieces of paper. The raw materials are all very easy to find, for example: magazines, greeting cards, wrapping paper, postcards and illustrated catalogues. Surfaces for decoupage need to be clean, dry and smooth. Lightly sand wood surfaces, then wipe with white spirit (paint thinner), porous surfaces should be sealed with matt emulsion (latex) paint. I did not encounter many problems in the making of the clock. Not any significant problems. The only problem I did encounter was the black numbers and hands of the clock, I found you could not clearly see them so I used red paint and brushed it over them. The only other problem was that I did not know at one stage what I was going to use to connect the pieces together. THE 70S The seventies were a very hip and happening time, when fashion and design were at a peak. Some of the most peculiar yet interesting objects came out of this era. I have just included some pictures as an example of what I mean by retro design. Research The following research has been carried out: 1. Research of literature: I made reference to many books about clocks to make sure that this had not been done before. There were slight comparisons but nothing great. A number of ideas and technical information had been included in this section as well as technical information. I also made reference to decoupage books and to books about woodwork. I made reference to the woodwork books for more information about the machinery. When I first received this project I decided on the theme of the 70s retro design. I then took myself as soon as I could to Newtown for this is a place where retro is a theme of many stores. I was Unfortunately I was unable to take photos of most of the stores because I was asked not to, so I respected that. After going to Newtown I had an instant idea of talking to a designer who was designing in the 70s. It was then that I phoned my uncle Terry Doyle and asked him what it was like to design during the seventies. He told me that it was the seventies that bought his products to the market for he said to me had bold ideas, which many did not necessarily like. However because everyone became more accepting of new ideas and thoughts, his ideas were now accepted and he had become a hit. He told me that the seventies was the best era. He said he absolutely loved it. So my idea had to be bold, however not to bold. Today I went to Newtown and I a spent the day looking for recycled pieces to make my clock. I found a record, which I am going to use for the back of the clock. I will have to however experiment on making the hole in the centre of the record larger, so that I can fit the clock mechanism through it. I also bought an old clock to use as an example and to use pieces from it. For this project and the particular way in which I chose to do this clock I was extremely lucky to be benefited with the knowledge of how to use the timber cutting and sanding equipment. However the skill of decoupage was one I still had to achieve. I was lucky enough that Miss Brett had some scrap pieces of timber left over from previous work done by design and technology students. I researched a theme that was a retro style; I wanted something different to everybody elses so this was the project for me. I soon found clock ideas on the Internet and used them as my inspiration. Finding these was a great help. They helped me create an innovative design. This pattern was the major inspiration to my whole design. It features squares in the way in which I created my clock. I was then going to create squares just like these and so I searched through my mums wrapping paper collection and I found one which would be perfect. So I adapted it to my design and I was away. With the design process underway I was nearly finished and only one minor problem was stopping me as to how to join the squares. This would be a great area for investigation. What was I going to use to join these slightly out of shaped squares together? What kind of adhesive or nail was I to use to then join these pieces to the plywood? The plywood is recycled scrap from the year sevens work. This plywood then has the pattern decoupage sealed to it and this would be the square/rectangle. The back of the ply is where I wanted to fix whatever I was to use to join the square/rectangles together. I also researched about decoupage and this enabled me to understand the technique and how to complete this section of a clock. I wrote up an experiment to which this will be what I will do with apiece before I try it on the other projects. I made reference to many clock books to make sure that this had not been done before. There were slight comparisons but nothing great. A number of ideas and technical information have been included in this section as well as technical information. I also made reference to decoupage books and to books about woodwork. I made reference to the woodwork books for more information about the machinery. When I first received this project I decided on the theme of the 70s retro design. So I took myself as soon as I could to Newtown for this is a place where retro is a theme of many stores, I went to the stores and unfortunately I was unable to take photos of most of the stores because they asked n me not to, so I respected that. After going to Newtown I had an instant idea of talking to a designer who was designing in the 70s. It was then that I phoned my uncle Terry Doyle and asked him what it was like to design during the seventies. He told me that it was the seventies that brought his products to the market for he had bold ideas, which many did not like. But because everyone became more accepting of new ideas and thoughts, his ideas were now accepted and had become a hit. He told me that the seventies was the best era. He said he absolutely loved it. So my idea had to be bold, however not to bold.

What is in yours? :: science

What is in yours? From the moment parents bring their new baby home from the hospital, they watch their baby's progress, anticipating every inch of growth and each new developmental milestone along the way. But what exactly are they watching for and how do parents know if their child is growing properly? Growth is the various physical and developmental milestones that most children reach during each age level. Physical growth, which is generally measured in terms of height, weight and head growth, is also monitored carefully. This includes increases in height and weight as well as development in cognitive, language, and social skills. Hair grows; teeth come in, come out, and come in again; and eventually puberty hits. It's all part of the growth process. The first year of an infant's life is a time of astonishing change. During this time, a baby will grow rapidly and achieve major developmental milestones, such as taking first steps or maybe even saying a few first words. On average, babies grow 10 inches in height while tripling birth weight by their first birthday. Beginning in infancy, a child will visit a doctor for regular checkups. At each of these visits, the doctor will record the child's height and weight on a growth chart. This chart shows the doctor and parents how the child's height and weight compare to that of other children the same age. This can help your child's doctor determine whether your child is growing at an appropriate rate or whether there might be any problems. After age 1, a baby's growth in length slows considerably, and by 2 years, growth in height usually continues at a fairly steady rate of approximately 2 1/2 inches per year until adolescence. No child grows at a perfectly steady rate throughout this period of childhood, however. Weeks or months of slightly slower growth alternate with mini growth spurts in normal children. Kids actually tend to grow a bit faster in the spring than during other times of the year. A major growth spurt occurs at the time of puberty. Around ages 8 to 13 in girls and 10 to 15 in boys, kids enter puberty, which lasts from about 2 to 5 years. By the time girls reach age 15 and boys reach age 16 or 17, the growth associated with puberty will have ended for most teens and they will have reached physical maturity.

Reaction Paper on Prejudice and Discrimination

The world that we live in today, although improving, is tainted with cruelty and hatred toward different races. Usually, we have stereotypes about people who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand contact. We regularly make these stereotypical generalizations based on experiences we have had ourselves, seen in movies or television, read about in books and magazines, or have had related to us by family and friends. Though all these are equally significant roots for the stimulation of stereotypes, media however, is a giant force.When thinking of the topics or behaviors of prejudice and stereotyping, I synonymously think of the movie â€Å"Crash,† which exposes different kinds of social and multicultural differences, giving a quick example of how these conducts can affect a society. These behaviors are viewed as thoughts and feelings that almost everyone has felt more than once. In the first scene of the movie, a  Muslim  man inside a firearm store is atte mpting to buy a gun. The owner is a white Caucasian male that presents a negative attitude towards the customer because of his Muslim background.This feeling triggers in the owner, negative attitudes based on the assimilation and stereotypes with the Muslim race. Being immediately associated with the Al Qaeda terrorist group, which was responsible for suicidal bombers that have killed thousand of Americans. This negative attitude and violence observed in this particular scene, is an example of prejudice, known as a negative feeling and predisposition of behavior towards a group or any member belonging to that group.This is an issue not only found in America but in the whole world. In our  global  economy requiring functional and respectful relationships between nations, prejudice and stereotypes can be a destructive force both in the world and in individual societies, especially in diverse ones. Acting on ones hatred can lead to behavior to what we now in days call â€Å"hate c rime†, such as in the scene where they break into the Muslim's man business and vandalize the place completely.Such acts can lead us to many disgraces even death. This movie shows us the different point of view of people in our society, it gives us an insight of the stereotypes we have build within our society, within the world. It invites us to see and understand how such a small stereotype and negative attitude can go a long way and affect people in different ways. Prejudice is found between gender, religion, cultural, geographical background, and race.People have discriminated against others based upon these attributes. Besides, prejudice is largely a function of ignorance. Today, there are so many different people in this world that stereotypes are almost always incorrect, as many people choose not to be followers, but to be individuals. Asians, African-Americans, Hispanics, Caucasians, and all other ethnic groups need to look past each other's physical characteristics and start looking inside a person to see who they truly are.After all, personalities do not lie on the outside of one's body, but in one's mind. I believe that society needs to raise today's children to accept all people, no matter what they do or do not believe in or what color skin they may have. In order to reduce prejudice and discrimination, it is considered that education for children is very important. For example, exchange student program that includes not only the one between different countries but also the one between different communities within the same area.If children are raised around people who are not the same as they are in school or community, then they will most likely not think anything different of people who do not look the same as them or believe what they believe. If humanity raises their children to believe all people are equal from the beginning, then prejudice will slowly disintegrate over time. The world needs to focus on not judging people before they kno w them for who they are. It is very important to let children have opportunity to know the differences and to be interested in differences because ignorance is the biggest source of prejudice

Clausewitz in the 21st Century

Clausewitz lived in a time where battles were fought in columns and lines, with soldiers using muskets and solid-shot cannon; when states were the exclusive actors in war; when technological change occurred over decades, if not centuries. What relevance could his work therefore have for the strategic problems of the 21st century? Introduction Clausewitz was not a cookbook writer. He was not looking for hard and fast rules for conducting war, which he eschews.Indeed, Clausewitzian theories elaborated at different periods of time are in close conjunction with the prevalent political, strategic, and military context, which is completely consonant with Clausewitz’s original conception of his own work: ‘Theory should be study, not doctrine [†¦] It is an analytical investigation leading to a close acquaintance with the subject; applied to experience – in our case, to military history – it leads to thorough familiarity with it.The closer it comes to that goal , the more it proceeds from the objective form of a science to a subjective form of a skill, the more effective it will prove in areas where the nature of the case admits no arbiter but talent. ’ ‘Theory is meant to educate the mind of the future commander, or, more accurately, to guide him in his self-education, not to accompany him to the battlefield. ’ If ‘the absurd difference between theory and practice’ is to be ended, then the correspondence between theory and practice implies the correspondence between the military commander and military thinker.Therefore, ‘self-education’ is important and useful to the military thinker too. He must not be bounded by a single theory of war but with the means to develop his own ideas (objective knowledge of war), fuelled by his talent (subjective capacity and application). The phenomena of war are more diverse than ever: from terrorism to inter-state war, from information war to riots in rural are as, from air strikes to intifada. Loose networks of limited wars have replaced the expectation of a nuclear apocalypse that characterized the Cold War.The differences and contradictions between the various conclusions and corresponding analyses regarding a strategic situation are but a reflection of the variety of military conflicts and the diversity of perspectives from which these conflicts are observed. These perspectives depend on time, culture, and political context. This phenomenon has been analyzed through the concept of strategic culture, that is ‘a distinctive and lasting set of beliefs, values and habits regarding the threat and use of force, which have their roots in such fundamental influences as the geographical setting, history and political culture’.States (e. g. Americans, Europeans, Chinese, Iranians, Indians etc. ) tend to have different perspectives on strategic problems, and the reason for these divergences probably goes beyond the defense of short-t erm interests. The extremely heterogeneous situation of the phenomena of war is analyzed from very different lenses of different strategic cultures, and hence makes states’ theories of war difficult to critique. Moreover, it is difficult to validate the doctrines that reflect these different theories by the use of examples of operational success or failure.Therefore, the need for a theory-of-theories of war remains valid. An overarching theory of war will take into account the influence of the interaction between the thinker and his object and can form the framework required to analyze the strategic debate. Clausewitz thus continues to remain relevant to analyze strategic problems of the 21st century as he had developed a theory about the theory of war. Research ApproachClausewitz recognized that Napoleon had overreached himself and the theoretical significance that a consistent, single military strategy could have different historical outcomes. In his own realization  œ evident in his note of 1827 – that any theory of war had to accommodate two sorts of war: war to overthrow the enemy; and war that is the basis of negotiation with him. Four fundamental contrasts are emphasized between the early and later Clausewitz because they remain central to contemporary debates about his work: (1) The primacy of military force versus the primacy of politics. 2) Existential warfare, or rather warfare related to one’s own identity, which engaged Clausewitz most strongly in his early years, as against the instrumental view of war that prevails in his later work. (3) The pursuit of military success through unlimited violence embodying ‘the principle of destruction’, versus the primacy of limited war and the limitation of violence in war, which loomed increasingly large in Clausewitz’s later years. (4) The primacy of defense as the stronger form of war, versus the promise of decisive results that was embodied in the seizure of of fensive initiative.It is not the intent or purpose of this paper to summarize Clausewitz’s works, given its scope, or to challenge the assertions of specific anti-Clausewitz writers such as Martin van Crevald, John Keegan or even Alvin and Heidi Toffler. The paper will instead highlight the seeming unbounded-ness of war (or armed conflict) and violence in the twenty-first century, and propose a strategy of containment of war and violence. This will relate later Clausewitz’s concepts of war and politics to our current reality. At the outset, I will provide an analysis of Clausewitz’s concept of the nature of war.Additionally, given the research question’s implication that Clausewitz should be marooned due to his lack of regard for ‘non-state actors’ and that his writings were in a time of slow ‘technological change’, I will also demonstrate that Clausewitz was well-aware of the influence of non-state actors and their ability to wa ge war; and his thoughts has continued relevance in our time of rapid technological changes. The Nature of War For Clausewitz, war was likened to a chameleon, allowing for changes to its appearance, but suggesting that its underlying nature remains unchanged.The character of war has certainly changed or morphed since his time. His critics argue that some changes can alter war’s very nature, and the nature of war today is radically different from the nature of war then, the age of Napoleon. In other words, the changes are more fundamental than can simply be accounted by shifting characteristics. The most recent English translation of the text, by Michael Howard and Peter Parat, renders its opening sentence thus: ‘War is more than a true chameleon that slightly adapts its characteristics to the given case. As a total phenomenon its dominant tendencies always make war a remarkable trinity. Clearly, a chameleon remains a chameleon whatever color it adopts for the time being . The crucial two words in the translation are ‘more than’, which imply that the circumstances of war can cause war to change more than its characteristics: War in other words is not like a chameleon. However, this translation did not capture the nuance of Clausewitz’s original: ‘Der Krieg ist also nicht nu rein wahres Chamaleon, weil er in jedem konkreten Fall seine Natur etwas andert, sondern er ist auch seinem Gesamterscheinungen nach, in Beziehung auf die in ihm herrschenden Tendenzen, eine wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit’.The implication here is that war may indeed be a chameleon, in that it changes its nature slightly in each individual case (its ‘character’), but not its nature in general, which is made up of the ‘trinity’ (addressed later). The translation thus reads: ‘War is not only a true chameleon, because it changes its nature slightly in each concrete case, but it also, in it is overall appearance, in relation to its inherent tendencies, a wondrous trinity’. The Primacy of Policy and the ‘Trinity’ War is an instrument of policy. ’ It ‘is simply a continuation of political intercourse, with the addition of other means’. Clausewtiz’s aphorism on the relationship between war and policy was now being dismissed not because war had no utility but because it is being waged for reasons that are not political or policy-driven. Critics argue that Clausewitz no longer have a place in the current strategic and security studies debates, where war was no longer the province of armed forces but also of non-state actors.The question was whether strategy, traditionally-defined, continues to be the best way of looking at what was, revealingly, no longer even called war, but armed conflict. Clausewitz understood a community as having its own political and social identity, even if it lacked statehood. Such an interpretation is consonant with Clausewitz’s own interest in wars before 1648, where he specifically linked the weaknesses of states to ‘exceptional manifestations in the art of war’.In his review of the history of war, he described ‘the semibarbarous Tartars, the republics of antiquity, the feudal lords and trading cities of the Middle Ages, eighteenth-century kings and the rulers and peoples of the nineteenth-century’ as ‘all conducting war in their own particular way, using different methods and pursuing different aims’. Despite this variability, Clausewitz stresses that war is all these cases remains a continuation of their policy by other means. In doing so, however, he suppresses the difference between the policies of states and the intentions of other communities which wage war.Therefore, it makes sense to supplement the primacy of policy as a general category with the affiliation of belligerents to a warring community. If the communities are states, we can speak of politics in th e modern sense; if they are ethnic, religious, or other communities, the value systems and goals of those communities (their ‘cultures’) are the more important factors. Based on this, we could replace Clausewitz’s meaning of state with the notion of it being that of the intentions, aims or values of the â€Å"warring community,† thus remaining much more faithful to his understanding of what a state embodies.Otherwise, we would implicitly express a modern understanding of Clausewitz’s concept of state. Clausewitz’s concepts of war (including armed conflict) and violence continue to be relevant so long as they are motivated by interests and policy and not hate, rage, boredom, the need for personal meaning and bonding. Die Wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit (The Wondrous Trinity) Clausewitz describes the trinity as composed of: (1) Primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are regarded as a blind natural force; (2) The play of chance and probabilit y, within which the creative spirit is free to roam; and 3) Its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason. Read in tandem with Clausewitz’s metaphor of war’s appearance from case to case as a chameleon, the trinity addresses the underlying forces that drive those changes. His message was that the relationship among these three elements was inherently unstable and shifting. To quote, ‘the task†¦is to keep our theory [of war] floating among these three tendencies’, and not try to set, or to count on any fixed relationship among them. Clausewitz and a New ContainmentThe Removal of the Inhibitions on War and a New Containment The twenty-first century appeared for a time an age defined by economics and, to a great extent, peace. These expectations quickly disappeared with the massacres and genocides in Africa, return of war to Europe, the 9/11 attacks, the Iraq and Afghanistan wars with their continuing, vi olent consequences and the Arab Springs. A struggle against a new totalitarianism of an Islamic type appears to have started, in which war and violence is commonly perceived as having an unavoidable role, and perceived to be becoming more ‘unbounded’ than ever before.Spatially, the terrorist are potentially ever present. Temporally, there seems no end-in-sight to their attacks. We face new types of threats such as the development of atomic bombs by ‘problematic’ states like Iran and North Korea and the possession of weapons of mass destruction by terrorists. The emergence of China as a potential superpower and perhaps great powers, like India, may lead to a fresh arms dynamic, with the possibility of a nuclear dimension. Violence seems to be going out of rational control, an image that the media has not hesitated to portray.There is a grave portent of mankind confronting a ‘coming anarchy’ of unknown dimensions. Hence, a new strategy of contain ment is needed. There is no longer one exclusive actor to be contained. A strategy for military containment of China similar to that used against the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s, will likely provoke all kinds of crises and even conflict, which such a strategy intends to avoid. Therefore, a different concept of containment is needed, one that is not perceived as a threat by China.The second difference is that current developments in the strategic environment display fundamentally conflicting tendencies. A strategy designed to counter only one of these conflicting tendencies may be problematic with respect to the others. Therefore, there is a need to strike a balance between competing possibilities. The third difference is that the traditional containment was perceived mainly as military deterrence of the Soviet Union. The new containment must combine traditional, military containment on one side and a range of opportunities for cooperation on the other.That is necessary with respect not only to China, but even to political Islam, in order to reduce the appeal of militant Islamic movements to millions of Muslim youths. In response to this unbounded-ness on war and violence, a conception for their containment is needed to provide a sustained and continual limitation through the ‘fencing in and encircling of the same forces’. The guiding perspective is that of a peaceful, or rather a pacified, global society. This perspective cannot be equated with â€Å"peace† since in order to reach this goal, non-peaceful, violent and even military means must in some cases be employed.Clausewitz’s Concept of Politics The defeat of Napoleon was the turning point of Clausewitz’s theory, where he faced the problem of dealing with strategies of limited war within the same conceptual framework as those leading to total defeat of the enemy. He realized that there are very different and even contrasting kinds of war and strategy. The conflicti ng tendencies in war, especially between ‘limited’ and ‘unlimited’ war compelled Clausewitz to conclude that the unifying general principle was politics. However, which kind of politics could serve to contain war and violence in the twenty-first century?Clausewitz’s notions of limited warfare have their foundations in the last parts of book VIII. They find some reflection in book I, chapter 2: ‘Be that as it may, we must always consider that with the conclusion of peace the purpose of the war has been achieved'; and further on: ‘Since war is not an act of senseless passion but is controlled by its political object, the value of this object must determine the sacrifices to be made for it in magnitude and also in duration. ’ In book VIII, he stated: ‘In this way the belligerent is again driven to adopt a middle course.He would act on the principle of using no greater force, and setting himself no greater military aim, than woul d be sufficient for the achievement of his political purpose. To turn this principle into practice, he must renounce the need for absolute success in each given case. ‘ It is a natural step to evolve from his strategy of limited warfare to one of the limitations of war and violence as the overarching purpose of political action in the twenty-first century. This perspective is still based on Clausewitz's statement that war is a continuation of politics by other means, while trying to actualize his concept of politics.Clausewitz describes war on the one hand as a continuation of politics, but on the other side as waged with other than political means. This implicit tension is the basis of the explicit contrast between the first and the third tendencies of Clausewitz’s trinity. Furthermore, one could argue that globalization and the ubiquity of information technologies have created a worldwide political space from which no one can escape, however much his actions might be derived, in their immediate motivation, from private interests or from the cultural practices of ethnic or tribal communities.Hence, the role of politics is intensified and reaction time within all three tendencies of Clausewitz’s trinity is reduced. Containing War and Violence in World Society The concept of containment is associated with the insight that we cannot expect in the foreseeable future to see fully non-violent societies or a non-violent world society. In addition, the aspiration to a world without conflicts as such fails to recognize that in the course of history conflicts and conflict solutions have frequently been necessary for human development.The main task confronting politics and social forces in the twenty-first century is the radical limitation, even diminishing of violence and war, so that non-violent structures can be sustained and the mechanisms of the ‘world of societies' can come to fruition. The overall political perspective on which the conce pt of the containing of war and violence in world society rests therefore consists of the following elements, the ‘pentagon of containing war and violence': 1) The ability to deter and discourage any opponent from fighting a large-scale war and to conduct precise military action as a last resort; (2) The possibility of using military force in order to limit and contain particularly excessive, large-scale violence which has the potential to destroy societies; (3) The willingness to counter phenomena which help to cause violence, such as poverty and oppression, especially in the economic sphere, and also the recognition of a pluralism of cultures and styles of life in world society; 4) The motivation to develop a culture of civil conflict management (concepts which can be summed up in the ‘civilizational hexagon', global governance, and democratic peace), based on the observation that the reduction of our action to military means has proved counterproductive and in the end will exceed our military capabilities; and (5) Restricting the possession and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, as well as of small arms, because the proliferation of both is inherently destructive to social order. Antulio Echevarria writes that ‘the U. S.National Strategy for Combating Terrorism also includes an essential, but rather ambitious goal of diminishing the conditions that terrorists typically exploit, such as poverty, social and political disenfranchisement, and long-standing political, religious, and ethnic grievances; reducing these conditions requires, among other things, fostering political, social, and economic development, good governance, the rule of law, and consistent participation in the â€Å"war of ideas† Further important tasks include preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and of small arms.Normative criteria are required for the containment of war and violence in world society. Such cri teria combine political–moral considerations with aspects relevant to every state's interest in self-preservation. It requires political actors to recognize the advantages of self-limitation as part of their own enlightened self-interest. In anthropological terms, we can see the roots of the political in the openness and indeterminacy of the human power to act. In historical terms, we can follow Aristotle in seeing these roots in the way we are forced to limit ourselves once we become aware of the contingency of human actions.It follows from this that one of the decisive questions for future development is that of the possible self-interest of the United States, or regional powers, making conflict subject to legal norms, in civil conflict management, and binding military power into alliance systems. President Obama’s ‘Pivot to Asia’ necessitated the development of a military strategy for the potential, if highly improbable, conflict with China. Seeking a d ecisive victory or traditional military containment are not viable strategies in current and projected realities, as they probably only serve to escalate the situation.Also, the United States must select ways that minimize the probability of escalation to nuclear conflict simply because it does not understand China’s nuclear release process and there is no winner in a major nuclear exchange. The logic leads to the concept of Offshore Control. Operationally, it uses currently available means and restricted ways to deny China the use of the sea in a strategy of economic strangulation to exhaust China to the point it seeks war termination. Penetration into China is forbidden to reduce the possibility of escalation and to make war termination easier.Offshore Control seeks to allow the Chinese Communist Part to end the conflict in the same way China ended its conflicts with India, the UN (in Korea), the Soviet Union and the Vietnamese. It allows China to declare it â€Å"taught t he enemy a lesson† and thus end the conflict. The progressive limitation of war and violence indefinitely can be an end to itself in the realization of a basically peaceful global policy. The enduring and progressive containment of war and violence is therefore necessary for self-preservation of states, even their survival, and for the civility of individual societies and world society.Conclusion Clausewitz, in his note of 1827, recognized the need to rework the whole of On War according to his new insight, the distinction between limited war and war whose aim is to overthrow the enemy and render him powerless. However, he was not always clear in his thoughts especially in his early writings and even up to 1827. For example, there is a lack of clarity on the discourse at the beginning of book I, chapter 1, of the three interactions that push war to the extreme, despite the fact that these sections were presumably written after the note of 1827.It can be said that for the purpo se of analyzing and studying warfare, both the early and later Clausewitz is of great importance and value. However, for political and military action of our time, perhaps only the later Clausewitz needs serve as an important basis. As Clausewitz himself emphasized at the end of his discussion of the trinity, ‘at any rate, the preliminary concept of war casts a first ray of light on the basic structure of theory, and enables us to make an initial differentiation and identification of its major components. Thinking about contemporary and future warfare with, and sometimes beyond, Clausewitz can still be the best way to begin. Bibliography 1. Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Clausewitz and a New Containment. In S. Hew, ; H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 283-307). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 2. Andreas, H. -R. , ; Antulio , E. (2007, December 27). Clausewitz in the Twenty First-Century: Primacy of Policy and a New Containment. From World Secur ity Network: http://www. worldsecuritynetwork. com/showArticle3. cfm? article_id=14985 3. Antulio, E. (1995-1996, Winter).War, Politics and the RMA: The Legacy of Clausewitz. Joint Force Quarterly, pp. 76-80. 4. Antulio, E. I. (2003). Globalization and the Clausewitzian Nature of War. The European Legacy, 8/3, pp. 317-32. 5. Clausewitz, C. v. (1976). On War. In H. Michael, P. Peter, H. Michael, ; P. Peter (Eds. ). New Jersey: Princeton. 6. Durieux, B. (2009). Clausewitz and the Two Temptations of Modern Strategic Thinking. In S. Hew, ; H. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 251- 265). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 7. Hammes, T. (2012, Spring). Offshore Control: A Proposed Strategy. Infinity Journal, 2(2), pp. 0-14. 8. Hew, S. , ; Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Introduction. In S. Hew, ; H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 1-13). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 9. Antulio, E. (2009). Clausewitz and the Nature of the Wa r on Terror. In S. Hew, ; H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 196-218). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 10. Ken, B. , ; R. , T. (1999). Strategic Cultures in the Asia-Pacific Region. London. 11. Metz, S. (1994). Clausewitz Homepage. From A Wake for Clausewitz: Toward a Philosophy of 21st-Century Warfare: http://www. lausewitz. com/readings/Metz. htm 12. Sumida, J. (2009). On Defence as the Stronger Form of War. In S. Hew, ; H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 164-181). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Durieux, B. (2009). Clausewitz and the Two Temptations of Modern Strategic Thinking. In S. Hew, & H. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 251- 265). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 2 ]. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. and ed. Michael Howard and Pet er Parat (Princeton, NJ, 1976), II, 2, p. 141. 3 ]. Ibid. II, 2, p. 141. [ 4 ]. Ibid. II, 2, p. 142. [ 5 ]. Ken, B. , & R. , T. (1999). Strategic Cultures in the Asia-Pacific Region. London. [ 6 ]. Durieux, B. (2009). Clausewitz and the Two Temptations of Modern Strategic Thinking. In S. Hew, & H. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 251- 265). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 7 ]. The same principles and strategies that were the decisive foundation of Napoleon’s initial successes at Jena and Auerstedt proved inadequate in the special situation of the Russian campaign and eventually contributed to his final defeat at Waterloo. 8 ]. Clausewitz or Sun Tzu – Paradigms of warfare for the 21st century written by: Andreas Herberg-Rothe, 13-Dec-06. WorldSecurityNetwork. com – WorldSecurityNetwork. com. http://www. worldsecuritynetwork. com/printArticle3. cfm? article_id=13757 [ 9 ]. On War, I, 1,  §28, P. 89. [ 10 ]. Hew, S. , & Andrea s, H. -R. (2009). Introduction. In S. Hew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 1-13). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 11 ]. Vom Kriege, ed. Werner Hahlweg (19th edn, Bonn, 1980), 1, 1,  §28, pp. 212-213. 12 ]. On War, VIII, 6B, p. 610. [ 13 ]. Ibid. p. 605. The phrase ‘with the addition of other means’ is deliberately used by Howard and Paret as they wanted to make it clear that war in itself does not suspend political intercourse or change it into something entirely different. Essentially, the intercourse continues, irrespective of the means it employs. The main lines along which military events progress, and to which they are restricted, are political lines that continues throughout war into the subsequent peace. It could not be otherwise.Political relations between peoples and between their governments do not stop when diplomatic notes are no longer exchanged. [ 14 ]. The German word Politik covers both policy and politics . Clausewitz did mean different things at different points. Sometimes the context suggests that he has foreign policy in mind, at others he highlights the social upheaval of the French Revolution and its consequence for warfare. [ 15 ]. Antulio Echevarria, ‘War, Politics and the RMA: The Legacy of Clausewitz’, Joint Force Quarterly, 10 (winter 1995-6), 76-80. [ 16 ]. On War, VIII, 3B, p. 589 [ 17 ]. Ibid. p. 586. 18 ]. Hew, S. , & Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Primacy of Policy and Trinity in Clausewitz’s Thought. In S. Hew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 74-90). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. No modern translator is prepared to render wunderliche in the military context as â€Å"wonderful† or â€Å"wonderous†. Howard and Paret in 1976 used ‘remarkable’, which was a throwaway word of no particular significance. This was changed to ‘paradoxical’ in the 1984 edition, but this word seem s to have no relationship to wunderliche and carries inappropriately negative connotations. 19 ]. On War, I, 1,  §28. [ 20 ]. Ibid. Clausewitz’s description of the trinity followed after the metaphor of war as a chameleon. [ 21 ]. Ibid. [ 22 ]. George Kennan formulated his original vision of containment more than sixty years ago. Although altered in its application by various administrations in the United States, it has in practice been incorporated within the concept and politics of common security, which in turn has itself been the essential complement to purely military containment. [ 23 ]. In comparison to the Cold War. [ 24 ].Between globalization on the one hand, and local struggles for identity and regional advantages and interests on the other; between high-tech wars and combat with ‘knives and machetes’ or attacks by suicide bombers between symmetrical and asymmetrical warfare; between wars over the ‘world order’, with the re-politicizatio n and re-ideologization, between imperial-hegemonic dominance of the only superpower and the formation of new regional power centers; between international organized crime and the institutionalization of regional and global communities; and between increasing violations of international law and human rights on one side and their expansion on the other. [ 25 ]. Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Clausewitz and a New Containment. In S. Hew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. , Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 283-307). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 26 ]. Clausewitz discussed unlimited and limited war in terms that supported his conception of the defense as the stronger form of war. The central issue in both cases of war was the will of the combatants. Unlimited war occurred when the attacker was determined to destroy the political independence of the defender through battle if necessary, and the defender no less determined to preserve its political independence. Equivalence in the stre ngth of will did not, however, mean the outcome would be determined by the balance of military forces and the fortunes of war.Even catastrophic military defeat at the hands of a militarily superior attacker, Clausewitz believed, would not produce a decision if the defender had the will to preserve what remained of his regular military forces by retreat even to the point of abandonment of all national territory, and to resort to armed popular support against the invader in spite of its potential to promote anarchy. Limited war meant a situation in which the attacker's objectives did not involve the destruction of the political independence of the defender, and the defender's stake in the outcome was thus not one of survival. (Sumida, 2009) [ 27 ]. Andreas Herberg-Rothe had elaborated this interpretation in Andreas Herberg-Rothe, Das Ratsel Clausewitz. Politische Theorie des Krieges im WIderstreit (Munich, 2001), 79-145, and in the English edition of the same book, Clausewitz’s Puzzle (Oxford, 2007).We can find this conclusion in the trinity; within the note of 1827, in which Clausewitz mentioned both aspects as guiding principles for reworking the whole text; in book I, chapter 2; and in most parts of book VIII of On War, [ 28 ]. On War, I, 2, pp. 91-2. [ 29 ]. Ibid. VIII, 3B, p. 585. [ 30 ]. It can be demonstrated that, due to systematic reasons but also with the respect to historical experience, trying to suspend this tension for the sake of the primacy of one of the two sides always leads to a primacy of the military means, of warfare and violence; see Beatrice Heuser, Reading Clausewitz (London, 2002). [ 31 ]. Antulio, E. I. (2003). Globalization and the Clausewitzian Nature of War. The European Legacy, 8/3, pp. 317-32. [ 32 ].Ernst Otto Czempiel, Weltpolitik im Umbruch. Die Pax Americana, der Terrorisinus und die Zukunft der interuationalen Bezh. ‘hungen (Munchen, 2002). [ 33 ]. Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Clausewitz and a New Containment. In S. H ew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 283-307). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 34 ]. Antulio, E. (2009). Clausewitz and the Nature of the War on Terror. In S. Hew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 196-218). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 35 ]. Hammes, T. (2012, Spring). Offshore Control: A Proposed Strategy. Infinity Journal, 2(2), pp. 10-14. [ 36 ]. Ibid. I, 1,  §28, p. 89.